世界の高速液体クロマトグラフィー（HPLC）市場は、予測期間中に約5.33 %のCAGRで推移し、2022年から2026年の間に12億6,000万USドルの成長が見込まれています。本レポートは、総体的な分析、市場規模と予測、動向、成長推進要因、課題、および約25社のベンダーを対象とするベンダー分析を提供しています。
本レポートは、現在の世界市場シナリオ、最新動向と成長推進要因、および全体的な市場環境に関する最新の分析を提供します。市場を牽引しているのは、ヘルスケア分野への投資の増加、高速液体クロマトグラフィー（HPLC）の高い特異性・感度・正確性、医薬品承認プロセスへの高速液体クロマトグラフィー（HPLC）導入の拡大です。
本調査では、今後数年間の高速液体クロマトグラフィー（HPLC）市場の成長を促進する主な理由の1つとして、HPLCの使用増加が挙げられています。また、HPの技術的な進歩やメーカーによる戦略的な開発の増加は、市場の大きな需要につながると考えられます。
TechNavio社の堅牢なベンダー分析は、クライアントが市場での地位を向上させるのに役立つように設計されており、これに沿って、主要な高速液体クロマトグラフィー（HPLC）市場ベンダーの詳細な分析を提供します
この調査は、業界の主要な参加者からの情報を含む、一次情報と二次情報の客観的な組み合わせを使用して実施されました。本レポートには、主要ベンダーの分析に加えて、包括的な市場とベンダー情勢が含まれています。
TechNavio社は、利益、価格設定、競争、プロモーションなどの主要なパラメーターの分析により、複数のソースからのデータの調査、統合、および集計により、市場の詳細な状況を提示します。また、業界の主要なインフルエンサーを特定することにより、さまざまな市場の側面を提示します。提示されたデータは、包括的で信頼性が高く、一次および二次の広範な調査の結果です。TechNavio社の市場調査レポートは、完全な競争環境と、質的および量的調査を使用して正確な市場成長を予測する詳細なベンダー選択の調査手法と分析を提供します。
目次
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary
1.1 Market overview
Exhibit 01: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
Exhibit 02: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
Exhibit 03: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
Exhibit 04: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
Exhibit 05: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Product
Exhibit 06: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
Exhibit 07: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
Exhibit 08: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
2 Market Landscape
2.1 Market ecosystem
Exhibit 09: Parent market
Exhibit 10: Market Characteristics
3 Market Sizing
3.1 Market definition
Exhibit 11: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
3.2 Market segment analysis
Exhibit 12: Market segments
3.3 Market size 2021
3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2021-2026
Exhibit 13: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 14: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 15: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 16: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
4 Five Forces Analysis
4.1 Five forces summary
Exhibit 17: Five forces analysis - Comparison between2021 and 2026
4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
Exhibit 18: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2021 and 2026
4.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
Exhibit 19: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
4.4 Threat of new entrants
Exhibit 20: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
4.5 Threat of substitutes
Exhibit 21: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
4.6 Threat of rivalry
Exhibit 22: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
4.7 Market condition
Exhibit 23: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2021 and 2026
5 Market Segmentation by Product
5.1 Market segments
Exhibit 24: Chart on Product - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 25: Data Table on Product - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
5.2 Comparison by Product
Exhibit 26: Chart on Comparison by Product
Exhibit 27: Data Table on Comparison by Product
5.3 Instruments - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 28: Chart on Instruments - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 29: Data Table on Instruments - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 30: Chart on Instruments - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 31: Data Table on Instruments - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
5.4 Consumables - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 32: Chart on Consumables - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 33: Data Table on Consumables - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 34: Chart on Consumables - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 35: Data Table on Consumables - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
5.5 Accessories - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 36: Chart on Accessories - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 37: Data Table on Accessories - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 38: Chart on Accessories - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 39: Data Table on Accessories - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
5.6 Market opportunity by Product
Exhibit 40: Market opportunity by Product ($ million)
6 Customer Landscape
6.1 Customer landscape overview
Exhibit 41: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
7 Geographic Landscape
7.1 Geographic segmentation
Exhibit 42: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 43: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
7.2 Geographic comparison
Exhibit 44: Chart on Geographic comparison
Exhibit 45: Data Table on Geographic comparison
7.3 North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 46: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 47: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 48: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 49: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.4 Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 50: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 51: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 52: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 53: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.5 Asia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 54: Chart on Asia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 55: Data Table on Asia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 56: Chart on Asia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 57: Data Table on Asia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.6 Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 58: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 59: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 60: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 61: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.7 US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 62: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 63: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 64: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 65: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.8 Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 66: Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 67: Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 68: Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 69: Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.9 UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 70: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 71: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 72: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 73: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.10 Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 74: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 75: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 76: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 77: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.11 France - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 78: Chart on France - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 79: Data Table on France - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 80: Chart on France - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 81: Data Table on France - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.12 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
Exhibit 82: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
8 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends
8.1 Market drivers
8.2 Market challenges
8.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
Exhibit 83: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2021 and 2026
8.4 Market trends
9 Vendor Landscape
9.1 Overview
9.2 Vendor landscape
Exhibit 84: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
9.3 Landscape disruption
Exhibit 85: Overview on factors of disruption
9.4 Industry risks
Exhibit 86: Impact of key risks on business
10 Vendor Analysis
10.1 Vendors covered
Exhibit 87: Vendors covered
10.2 Market positioning of vendors
Exhibit 88: Matrix on vendor position and classification
10.3 Agilent Technologies Inc.
Exhibit 89: Agilent Technologies Inc. - Overview
Exhibit 90: Agilent Technologies Inc. - Business segments
Exhibit 91: Agilent Technologies Inc. - Key news
Exhibit 92: Agilent Technologies Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibit 93: Agilent Technologies Inc. - Segment focus
10.4 Bio Rad Laboratories Inc.
Exhibit 94: Bio Rad Laboratories Inc. - Overview
Exhibit 95: Bio Rad Laboratories Inc. - Business segments
Exhibit 96: Bio Rad Laboratories Inc. - Key news
Exhibit 97: Bio Rad Laboratories Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibit 98: Bio Rad Laboratories Inc. - Segment focus
10.5 Danaher Corp.
Exhibit 99: Danaher Corp. - Overview
Exhibit 100: Danaher Corp. - Business segments
Exhibit 101: Danaher Corp. - Key news
Exhibit 102: Danaher Corp. - Key offerings
Exhibit 103: Danaher Corp. - Segment focus
10.6 General Electric Co.
Exhibit 104: General Electric Co. - Overview
Exhibit 105: General Electric Co. - Business segments
Exhibit 106: General Electric Co. - Key news
Exhibit 107: General Electric Co. - Key offerings
Exhibit 108: General Electric Co. - Segment focus
10.7 Hitachi High Tech Corp.
Exhibit 109: Hitachi High Tech Corp. - Overview
Exhibit 110: Hitachi High Tech Corp. - Business segments
Exhibit 111: Hitachi High Tech Corp. - Key news
Exhibit 112: Hitachi High Tech Corp. - Key offerings
Exhibit 113: Hitachi High Tech Corp. - Segment focus
10.8 IDEX Corp.
Exhibit 114: IDEX Corp. - Overview
Exhibit 115: IDEX Corp. - Business segments
Exhibit 116: IDEX Corp. - Key offerings
Exhibit 117: IDEX Corp. - Segment focus
10.9 Merck KGaA
Exhibit 118: Merck KGaA - Overview
Exhibit 119: Merck KGaA - Product / Service
Exhibit 120: Merck KGaA - Key offerings
10.10 PerkinElmer Inc.
Exhibit 121: PerkinElmer Inc. - Overview
Exhibit 122: PerkinElmer Inc. - Business segments
Exhibit 123: PerkinElmer Inc. - Key news
Exhibit 124: PerkinElmer Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibit 125: PerkinElmer Inc. - Segment focus
10.11 Shimadzu Corp.
Exhibit 126: Shimadzu Corp. - Overview
Exhibit 127: Shimadzu Corp. - Business segments
Exhibit 128: Shimadzu Corp. - Key news
Exhibit 129: Shimadzu Corp. - Key offerings
Exhibit 130: Shimadzu Corp. - Segment focus
10.12 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
Exhibit 131: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Overview
Exhibit 132: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Business segments
Exhibit 133: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Key news
Exhibit 134: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibit 135: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Segment focus
11 Appendix
11.1 Scope of the report
11.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
Exhibit 136: Inclusions checklist
Exhibit 137: Exclusions checklist
11.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
Exhibit 138: Currency conversion rates for US$
11.4 Research methodology
Exhibit 139: Research methodology
Exhibit 140: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Exhibit 141: Information sources
11.5 List of abbreviations
Exhibit 142: List of abbreviations
growth due to the increasing number of tests for infectious and chronic diseases: The incidence of infectious and chronic diseases has increased over the past decade. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has increased the demand for laboratory testing for COVID-19 across the world. An increase in demand for laboratory testing for infectious diseases, such as COVID-19 and chronic diseases, will be a driver for the life sciences tools and services industry in the future. The growth of the tools and services industry will continue to be strong in emerging markets such as China and India. Developed economies such as Japan and the EU will exhibit moderate growth rates.
product development to decrease prices: As the pricing pressure increases, life sciences tools manufacturers will have to rethink product development processes. A value first product design philosophy can help control costs and deliver what customers value the most.
Exhibits
Exhibits1: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
Exhibits2: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
Exhibits3: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
Exhibits4: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
Exhibits5: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Product
Exhibits6: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
Exhibits7: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
Exhibits8: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
Exhibits9: Parent market
Exhibits10: Market Characteristics
Exhibits11: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
Exhibits12: Market segments
Exhibits13: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits14: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits15: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits16: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits17: Five forces analysis - Comparison between2021 and 2026
Exhibits18: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2021 and 2026
Exhibits19: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits20: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits21: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits22: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits23: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2021 and 2026
Exhibits24: Chart on Product - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits25: Data Table on Product - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits26: Chart on Comparison by Product
Exhibits27: Data Table on Comparison by Product
Exhibits28: Chart on Instruments - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits29: Data Table on Instruments - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits30: Chart on Instruments - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits31: Data Table on Instruments - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits32: Chart on Consumables - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits33: Data Table on Consumables - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits34: Chart on Consumables - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits35: Data Table on Consumables - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits36: Chart on Accessories - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits37: Data Table on Accessories - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits38: Chart on Accessories - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits39: Data Table on Accessories - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits40: Market opportunity by Product ($ million)
Exhibits41: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
Exhibits42: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits43: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits44: Chart on Geographic comparison
Exhibits45: Data Table on Geographic comparison
Exhibits46: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits47: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits48: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits49: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits50: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits51: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits52: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits53: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits54: Chart on Asia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits55: Data Table on Asia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits56: Chart on Asia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits57: Data Table on Asia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits58: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits59: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits60: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits61: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits62: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits63: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits64: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits65: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits66: Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits67: Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits68: Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits69: Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits70: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits71: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits72: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits73: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits74: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits75: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits76: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits77: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits78: Chart on France - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits79: Data Table on France - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits80: Chart on France - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits81: Data Table on France - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits82: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
Exhibits83: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits84: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
Exhibits85: Overview on factors of disruption
Exhibits86: Impact of key risks on business
Exhibits87: Vendors covered
Exhibits88: Matrix on vendor position and classification
Exhibits89: Agilent Technologies Inc. - Overview
Exhibits90: Agilent Technologies Inc. - Business segments
Exhibits91: Agilent Technologies Inc. - Key news
Exhibits92: Agilent Technologies Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits93: Agilent Technologies Inc. - Segment focus
Exhibits94: Bio Rad Laboratories Inc. - Overview
Exhibits95: Bio Rad Laboratories Inc. - Business segments
Exhibits96: Bio Rad Laboratories Inc. - Key news
Exhibits97: Bio Rad Laboratories Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits98: Bio Rad Laboratories Inc. - Segment focus
Exhibits99: Danaher Corp. - Overview
Exhibits100: Danaher Corp. - Business segments
Exhibits101: Danaher Corp. - Key news
Exhibits102: Danaher Corp. - Key offerings
Exhibits103: Danaher Corp. - Segment focus
Exhibits104: General Electric Co. - Overview
Exhibits105: General Electric Co. - Business segments
Exhibits106: General Electric Co. - Key news
Exhibits107: General Electric Co. - Key offerings
Exhibits108: General Electric Co. - Segment focus
Exhibits109: Hitachi High Tech Corp. - Overview
Exhibits110: Hitachi High Tech Corp. - Business segments
Exhibits111: Hitachi High Tech Corp. - Key news
Exhibits112: Hitachi High Tech Corp. - Key offerings
Exhibits113: Hitachi High Tech Corp. - Segment focus
Exhibits114: IDEX Corp. - Overview
Exhibits115: IDEX Corp. - Business segments
Exhibits116: IDEX Corp. - Key offerings
Exhibits117: IDEX Corp. - Segment focus
Exhibits118: Merck KGaA - Overview
Exhibits119: Merck KGaA - Product / Service
Exhibits120: Merck KGaA - Key offerings
Exhibits121: PerkinElmer Inc. - Overview
Exhibits122: PerkinElmer Inc. - Business segments
Exhibits123: PerkinElmer Inc. - Key news
Exhibits124: PerkinElmer Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits125: PerkinElmer Inc. - Segment focus
Exhibits126: Shimadzu Corp. - Overview
Exhibits127: Shimadzu Corp. - Business segments
Exhibits128: Shimadzu Corp. - Key news
Exhibits129: Shimadzu Corp. - Key offerings
Exhibits130: Shimadzu Corp. - Segment focus
Exhibits131: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Overview
Exhibits132: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Business segments
Exhibits133: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Key news
Exhibits134: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits135: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Segment focus
Exhibits136: Inclusions checklist
Exhibits137: Exclusions checklist
Exhibits138: Currency conversion rates for US$
Exhibits139: Research methodology
Exhibits140: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Exhibits141: Information sources
Exhibits142: List of abbreviations
