目次

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Methodology and Scope
1.1. Market Segmentation & Scope
1.1.1. Workflow
1.1.2. Therapeutic Area
1.1.3. Drug type
1.1.4. Type
1.1.5. End-user
1.1.6. Regional scope
1.1.7. Estimates and forecast timeline
1.2. Research Methodology
1.3. Information Procurement
1.3.1. Purchased database
1.3.2. GVR’s internal database
1.3.3. Secondary sources
1.3.4. Primary research
1.3.5. Details of primary research
1.3.5.1. Data for primary interviews in North America
1.3.5.2. Data for primary interviews in Europe
1.3.5.3. Data for primary interviews in Asia Pacific
1.3.5.4. Data for primary interviews in Latin America
1.3.5.5. Data for Primary interviews in MEA
1.4. Information or Data Analysis
1.4.1. Data analysis models
1.5. Market Formulation & Validation
1.6. Model Details
1.6.1. Commodity flow analysis (Model 1)
1.6.1.1. Approach 1: Commodity flow approach
1.6.2. Volume price analysis (Model 2)
1.6.2.1. Approach 2: Volume price analysis
1.7. List of Secondary Sources
1.8. List of Primary Sources
1.9. Objectives
1.9.1. Objective 1
1.9.2. Objective 2

Chapter 2. Executive Summary
2.1. Market Outlook
2.2. Segment Outlook
2.2.1. Workflow outlook
2.2.2. Therapeutic area outlook
2.2.3. Drug type outlook
2.2.4. Type outlook
2.2.5. End-user outlook
2.2.6. Regional outlook
2.3. Competitive Insights

Chapter 3. Drug Discovery Outsourcing Market Variables, Trends & Scope
3.1. Market Lineage Outlook
3.1.1. Parent market outlook
3.1.2. Related/ancillary market outlook
3.2. Penetration & Growth Prospect Mapping
3.3. Market Dynamics
3.3.1. Market driver analysis
3.3.2. Market restraint analysis
3.3.3. Industry challenges
3.4. Drug Discovery Outsourcing Market Analysis Tools
3.4.1. Industry Analysis - Porter’s
3.4.1.1. Supplier power
3.4.1.2. Buyer power
3.4.1.3. Substitution threat
3.4.1.4. Threat of new entrant
3.4.1.5. Competitive rivalry
3.4.2. PESTEL Analysis
3.4.2.1. Political landscape
3.4.2.2. Technological landscape
3.4.2.3. Economic landscape
3.4.3. Major Deals & Strategic Alliances Analysis
3.4.4. Market Entry Strategies
3.4.5. Covid Impact Analysis

Chapter 4. Drug Discovery Outsourcing Market: Workflow Estimates & Trend Analysis
4.1. Definitions and Scope
4.1.1. Target Identification & Screening
4.1.2. Target Validation & Functional Informatics
4.1.3. Lead Identification & Candidate Optimization
4.1.4. Preclinical Development
4.1.5. Other Associate Workflow
4.2. Drug Discovery Outsourcing Market Share, 2022 & 2030
4.3. Segment Dashboard
4.4. Global Drug Discovery Market by Workflow Outlook
4.5. Market Size & Forecasts and Trend Analyses, 2018 to 2030 for the following
4.5.1. Target Identification & Screening
4.5.1.1. Target Identification & Screening market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
4.5.2. Target Validation & Functional Informatics
4.5.2.1. Target Validation & Functional Informatics Market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
4.5.3. Lead Identification & Candidate Optimization
4.5.3.1. Lead Identification & Candidate Optimization Market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
4.5.4. Preclinical Development
4.5.4.1. Preclinical Development Market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
4.5.5. Other Associate Workflow
4.5.5.1. Other Associate Workflow Market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 5. Drug Discovery Outsourcing Market: Therapeutic Area Estimates & Trend Analysis
5.1. Definitions and Scope
5.1.1. Respiratory System
5.1.2. Pain and Anesthesia
5.1.3. Oncology
5.1.4. Ophthalmology
5.1.5. Hematology
5.1.6. Cardiovascular
5.1.7. Endocrine
5.1.8. Gastrointestinal
5.1.9. Immunomodulation
5.1.10. Anti-infective
5.1.11. Central Nervous System
5.1.12. Dermatology
5.1.13. Genitourinary System
5.2. Drug Discovery Outsourcing Market Share, 2022 & 2030
5.3. Segment Dashboard
5.4. Global Drug Discovery Outsourcing Market by Drug Type Outlook
5.5. Market Size & Forecasts and Trend Analyses, 2018 to 2030 for the following
5.5.1. Respiratory System
5.5.1.1. Respiratory System market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
5.5.2. Pain and Anesthesia
5.5.2.1. Pain and Anesthesia market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
5.5.3. Oncology
5.5.3.1. Oncology market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
5.5.4. Ophthalmology
5.5.4.1. Ophthalmology market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
5.5.5. Hematology
5.5.5.1. Hematology market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
5.5.6. Cardiovascular
5.5.6.1. Cardiovascular market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
5.5.7. Endocrine
5.5.7.1. Endocrine market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
5.5.8. Gastrointestinal
5.5.8.1. Gastrointestinal market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
5.5.9. Immunomodulation
5.5.9.1. Immunomodulation market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
5.5.10. Anti-infective
5.5.10.1. Anti-infective market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
5.5.11. Central Nervous System
5.5.11.1. Central Nervous System market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
5.5.12. Dermatology
5.5.12.1. Dermatology market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
5.5.13. Genitourinary System
5.5.13.1. Genitourinary System market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 6. Drug Discovery Outsourcing Market: Drug Type Estimates & Trend Analysis
6.1. Definitions and Scope
6.1.1. Chemistry Services
6.1.2. Biology Services
6.2. Drug Discovery Outsourcing Market Share, 2022 & 2030
6.3. Segment Dashboard
6.4. Global Drug Discovery Market by Drug Type Outlook
6.5. Market Size & Forecasts and Trend Analyses, 2018 to 2030 for the following
6.5.1. Small Molecule
6.5.1.1. Small Molecule Market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
6.5.2. Large Molecule
6.5.2.1. Large Molecule Market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 7. Drug Discovery Outsourcing Market: Service Type Estimates & Trend Analysis
7.1. Definitions and Scope
7.1.1. Chemistry Services
7.1.2. Biology Services
7.2. Drug Discovery Outsourcing Market Share, 2022 & 2030
7.3. Segment Dashboard
7.4. Global Drug Discovery Market by Type Outlook
7.5. Market Size & Forecasts and Trend Analyses, 2018 to 2030 for the following
7.5.1. Chemistry Services
7.5.1.1. Chemistry Services market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.2. Biology Services
7.5.2.1. Biology Services Market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 8. Drug Discovery Outsourcing Market: End-user Estimates & Trend Analysis
8.1. Definitions and Scope
8.1.1. Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies
8.1.2. Academic Institutes
8.1.3. Others
8.2. Drug Discovery Outsourcing Market Share, 2022 & 2030
8.3. Segment Dashboard
8.4. Global Drug Discovery Market by End-user Outlook
8.5. Market Size & Forecasts and Trend Analyses, 2018 to 2030 for the following
8.5.1. Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies
8.5.1.1. Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
8.5.2. Academic Institutes
8.5.2.1. Academic Institutes Market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
8.5.3. Others
8.5.3.1. Others Market estimates and forecast 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 9. Drug Discovery Outsourcing Market: Regional Estimates & Trend Analysis
9.1. Regional market share analysis, 2022 & 2030
9.2. Regional Market Dashboard
9.3. Global Regional Market Snapshot
9.4. Regional Market Share and Leading Players, 2022
9.4.1. North America
9.4.2. Europe
9.4.3. Asia Pacific
9.4.4. Latin America
9.4.5. Middle East and Africa
9.5. Market Size, & Forecasts, Volume and Trend Analysis, 2018 to 2030:
9.6. North America
9.6.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (Value)
9.6.2. U.S.
9.6.2.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.6.3. Canada
9.6.3.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.7. Europe
9.7.1. U.K.
9.7.1.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.7.2. Germany
9.7.2.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.7.3. France
9.7.3.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.7.4. Italy
9.7.4.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.7.5. Spain
9.7.5.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.7.6. Netherland
9.7.6.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.7.7. Belgium
9.7.7.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.7.8. Switzerland
9.7.8.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.7.9. Russia
9.7.9.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.7.10. Sweden
9.7.10.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.8. Asia Pacific
9.8.1. Japan
9.8.1.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.8.2. China
9.8.2.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.8.3. India
9.8.3.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.8.4. Thailand
9.8.4.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.8.5. South Korea
9.8.5.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.8.6. Australia
9.8.6.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.8.7. Malaysia
9.8.7.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.8.8. Indonesia
9.8.8.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.8.9. Singapore
9.8.9.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.8.10. Philippines
9.8.10.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.9. Latin America
9.9.1. Brazil
9.9.1.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.9.2. Mexico
9.9.2.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.9.3. Argentina
9.9.3.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.9.4. Colombia
9.9.4.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.9.5. Chile
9.9.5.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.10. MEA
9.10.1. South Africa
9.10.1.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.10.2. Saudi Arabia
9.10.2.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.10.3. UAE
9.10.3.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.10.4. Israel
9.10.4.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.10.5. Egypt
9.10.5.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.10.5. Kuwait
9.10.5.1. Market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 10. Competitive Landscape
10.1. Recent Developments & Impact Analysis, By Key Market Participants
10.1.1. Albany Molecular Research Inc.
10.1.1.1. Company overview
10.1.1.2. Product benchmarking
10.1.1.3. Strategic initiatives
10.1.2. EVOTEC
10.1.2.1. Company overview
10.1.2.2. Financial performance
10.1.2.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.2.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.3. Laboratory Corporation of American Holdings
10.1.3.1. Company overview
10.1.3.2. Financial performance
10.1.3.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.3.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.4. GenScript
10.1.4.1. Company overview
10.1.4.2. Financial performance
10.1.4.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.4.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.5. Pharmaceutical Product Development LLC
10.1.5.1. Company overview
10.1.5.2. Financial performance
10.1.5.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.5.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.6. Charles River Laboratory
10.1.6.1. Company overview
10.1.6.2. Financial performance
10.1.6.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.6.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.7. Wuxi AppTec
10.1.7.1. Company overview
10.1.7.2. Financial performance
10.1.7.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.7.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.8. Merck & Co. Inc.
10.1.8.1. Company overview
10.1.8.2. Financial performance
10.1.8.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.8.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.9. Thermos Fisher Scientific Inc.
10.1.9.1. Company overview
10.1.9.2. Financial performance
10.1.9.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.9.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.10. Dalton Pharma Services
10.1.10.1. Company overview
10.1.10.2. Financial performance
10.1.10.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.10.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.11. Oncodesign
10.1.11.1. Company overview
10.1.11.2. Financial performance
10.1.11.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.11.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.12. Jubilant Biosys
10.1.12.1. Company overview
10.1.12.2. Financial performance
10.1.12.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.12.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.13. DiscoverX. Corp.
10.1.13.1. Company overview
10.1.13.2. Financial performance
10.1.13.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.13.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.14. QIAGEN
10.1.14.1. Company overview
10.1.14.2. Financial performance
10.1.14.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.14.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.15. Eurofins SE
10.1.15.1. Company overview
10.1.15.2. Financial performance
10.1.15.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.15.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.16. Syngene International Limited
10.1.16.1. Company overview
10.1.16.2. Financial performance
10.1.16.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.16.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.17. Dr. Reddy Laboratories Ltd.
10.1.17.1. Company overview
10.1.17.2. Financial performance
10.1.17.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.17.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.18. Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd.
10.1.18.1. Company overview
10.1.18.2. Financial performance
10.1.18.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.18.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.19. TCG Lifesciences Pvt Ltd.
10.1.19.1. Company overview
10.1.19.2. Financial performance
10.1.19.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.19.4. Strategic initiatives
10.1.20. Domainex Ltd.
10.1.20.1. Company overview
10.1.20.2. Financial performance
10.1.20.3. Product benchmarking
10.1.20.4. Strategic initiatives

List of Tables
TABLE 1 List of secondary sources
TABLE 2 List of Abbreviation

List of Figures
FIG. 1 Market research process
FIG. 2 Data triangulation techniques
FIG. 3 Primary research pattern
FIG. 4 Market research approaches
FIG. 5 Value-chain-based sizing & forecasting
FIG. 6 QFD modelling for market share assessment
FIG. 7 Market formulation & validation
FIG. 8 Drug Discovery Outsourcing market: Market snapshot
FIG. 9 Drug Discovery Outsourcing market: Market segmentation
FIG. 10 Drug Discovery Outsourcing Market Strategy framework
FIG. 11 Parent market outlook
FIG. 12 Related/ancillary market outlook
FIG. 13 Drug Discovery Outsourcing market driver impact
FIG. 14 Drug Discovery Outsourcing market restraint impact
FIG. 15 Drug Discovery Outsourcing market porter’s five forces analysis
FIG. 16 Drug Discovery Outsourcing market PESTEL analysis
FIG. 17 Drug Discovery Outsourcing market segment dashboard
FIG. 18 Drug Discovery Outsourcing market: workflow movement Analysis
FIG. 19 Target identification & screening drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 20 Target validation & functional informatics drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 21 Lead identification & candidate optimization drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 22 Preclinical development drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 23 Other associated workflow drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 24 Drug Discovery Outsourcing market: therapeutic area analysis
FIG. 25 Respiratory system drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 26 Pain and anaesthesia drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 27 Oncology drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 28 Ophthalmology drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 29 Haematology drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 30 Cardiovascular drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 31 Endocrine drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 32 Gastrointestinal drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 33 Immunomodulation drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 34 Anti-infective drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 35 Central nervous system drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 36 Dermatology drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 37 Dermatology drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 38 Genitourinary system drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 39 Drug Discovery Outsourcing market: drug type movement Analysis
FIG. 40 Small Molecule outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 41 Large Molecule drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 42 Drug Discovery Outsourcing market: type movement Analysis
FIG. 43 Chemistry Services drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 44 Biology Services drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 45 Drug Discovery Outsourcing market: end-user movement Analysis
FIG. 46 Pharmaceuticals and biotech companies drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 47 Academic Institutes drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 48 Others drug discovery outsourcing market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 49 Global drug discovery outsourcing market: Regional movement analysis
FIG. 50 Global market share, by region
FIG. 51 North America market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 52 U.S. market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 53 Canada market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 54 Europe market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 55 U.K. market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 56 Germany market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 57 France market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 58 Italy market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 59 Spain market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 60 Netherland market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 61 Belgium market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 62 Switzerland market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 63 Russia market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 64 Sweden market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 65 Denmark market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 66 Norway market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 67 Asia Pacific market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 68 Japan market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 69 China market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 70 India market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 71 Australia market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 72 South Korea market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 73 Thailand market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 74 Singapore market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 75 Malaysia market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 76 Philippines market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 77 Indonesia market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 78 Latin America market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 79 Brazil market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 80 Chile market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 81 Colombia market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 82 Mexico market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 83 Argentina market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 84 Middle East and Africa market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 85 South Africa market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 86 Saudi Arabia market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 87 UAE market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 88 Israel market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 89 Egypt market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
FIG. 90 Kuwait market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)