目次
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Methodology and Scope
1.1. Information Procurement
1.2. Information or Data Analysis
1.3. Market Scope & Segment Definition
1.4. Market Model
1.4.1. Market Study, By Company Market Share
1.4.2. Regional Analysis
Chapter 2. Executive Summary
2.1. Market Snapshot
2.2. Segment Snapshot
2.3. Competitive Landscape Snapshot
Chapter 3. Market Variables, Trends, & Scope
3.1. Market Segmentation and Scope
3.2. Market Lineage Outlook
3.2.1. Parent Market Outlook
3.2.2. Related/Ancillary Market Outlook
3.3. Market Trends and Outlook
3.4. Market Dynamics
3.4.1. Increasing demand for gene therapies
3.4.3. Rising investments in research and development with immense funding support
3.5. Market Restraint Analysis
3.5.1. Complex manufacturing process.
3.5.2. Regulatory challenges and intellectual property issues.
3.6. Business Environment Analysis
3.6.1. SWOT Analysis; By Factor (Political & Legal, Economic And Technological)
3.6.2. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
3.7. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
Chapter 4. Vector Type Business Analysis
4.1. Viral vector market: Vector Type Movement Analysis
4.2. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)
4.2.1. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
4.3. Adenovirus
4.3.1. Adenovirus Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
4.4. Lentivirus
4.4.1. Lentivirus Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
4.5. Retrovirus
4.5.1. Retrovirus Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
4.6. Others
4.6.1. Others Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 5. Application Business Analysis
5.1. Viral vector market: Application Movement Analysis
5.2. Cell and Gene Therapy
5.2.1. Cell and Gene Therapy Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
5.3. Vaccine
5.3.1. Vaccine Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
5.4. Biopharmaceutical & Pharmaceuticals Discovery
5.4.1. Biopharmaceutical & Pharmaceuticals Discovery Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 6. End-User Business Analysis
6.1. Viral vector market: End-User Movement Analysis
6.2. Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies
6.2.1. Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.3. Academic and Research Institutes
6.3.1. Academic and Research Institutes Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.4. CROs & CMOs
6.4.1. CROs and CMOs Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 7. Regional Business Analysis
7.1. Viral vector market Share By Region, 2022 & 2030
7.2. North America
7.2.1. SWOT Analysis
7.2.2. North America Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.2.3. U.S.
7.2.3.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.2.3.2. Competitive Scenario
7.2.3.3. Regulatory Framework
7.2.3.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.2.3.5. U.S. viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.2.4. Canada
7.2.4.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.2.4.2. Competitive Scenario
7.2.4.3. Regulatory Framework
7.2.4.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.2.4.5. Canada Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.3. Europe
7.3.1. SWOT Analysis
7.3.2. Europe Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.3.3. Germany
7.3.3.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.3.3.2. Competitive Scenario
7.3.3.3. Regulatory Framework
7.3.3.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.3.3.5. Germany Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.3.4. UK
7.3.4.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.3.4.2. Competitive Scenario
7.3.4.3. Regulatory Framework
7.3.4.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.3.4.5. UK Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.3.5. France
7.3.5.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.3.5.2. Competitive Scenario
7.3.5.3. Regulatory Framework
7.3.5.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.3.5.5. France Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.3.6. Italy
7.3.6.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.3.6.2. Competitive Scenario
7.3.6.3. Regulatory Framework
7.3.6.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.3.6.5. Italy Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.3.7. Spain
7.3.7.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.3.7.2. Competitive Scenario
7.3.7.3. Regulatory Framework
7.3.7.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.3.7.5. Spain Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.3.8. Denmark
7.3.8.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.3.8.2. Competitive Scenario
7.3.8.3. Regulatory Framework
7.3.8.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.3.8.5. Denmark Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.3.9. Sweden
7.3.9.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.3.9.2. Competitive Scenario
7.3.9.3. Regulatory Framework
7.3.9.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.3.9.5. Sweden Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.3.10. Norway
7.3.10.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.3.10.2. Competitive Scenario
7.3.10.3. Regulatory Framework
7.3.10.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.3.10.5. Norway Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.4. Asia Pacific
7.4.1. SWOT Analysis
7.4.2. Asia Pacific Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.4.3. Japan
7.4.3.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.4.3.2. Competitive Scenario
7.4.3.3. Regulatory Framework
7.4.3.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.4.3.5. Japan Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.4.4. China
7.4.4.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.4.4.2. Competitive Scenario
7.4.4.3. Regulatory Framework
7.4.4.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.4.4.5. China Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.4.5. India
7.4.5.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.4.5.2. Competitive Scenario
7.4.5.3. Regulatory Framework
7.4.5.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.4.5.5. India Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.4.6. South Korea
7.4.6.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.4.6.2. Competitive Scenario
7.4.6.3. Regulatory Framework
7.4.6.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.4.6.5. South Korea Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.4.7. Australia
7.4.7.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.4.7.2. Competitive Scenario
7.4.7.3. Regulatory Framework
7.4.7.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.4.7.5. Australia Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.4.8. Thailand
7.4.8.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.4.8.2. Competitive Scenario
7.4.8.3. Regulatory Framework
7.4.8.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.4.8.5. Thailand Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5. Latin America
7.5.1. SWOT Analysis
7.5.2. Latin America Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.3. Brazil
7.5.3.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.5.3.2. Competitive Scenario
7.5.3.3. Regulatory Framework
7.5.3.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.5.3.5. Brazil Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.4. Mexico
7.5.4.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.5.4.2. Competitive Scenario
7.5.4.3. Regulatory Framework
7.5.4.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.5.4.5. Mexico Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.5. Argentina
7.5.5.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.5.5.2. Competitive Scenario
7.5.5.3. Regulatory Framework
7.5.5.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.5.5.5. Argentina Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.6. MEA
7.6.1. SWOT Analysis
7.6.2. MEA Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.6.3. South Africa
7.6.3.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.6.3.2. Competitive Scenario
7.6.3.3. Regulatory Framework
7.6.3.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.6.3.5. South Africa Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.6.4. Saudi Arabia
7.6.4.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.6.4.2. Competitive Scenario
7.6.4.3. Regulatory Framework
7.6.4.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.6.4.5. Saudi Arabia Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.6.5. UAE
7.6.5.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.6.5.2. Competitive Scenario
7.6.5.3. Regulatory Framework
7.6.5.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.6.5.5. UAE Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.6.6. Kuwait
7.6.6.1. Key Country Dynamics
7.6.6.2. Competitive Scenario
7.6.6.3. Regulatory Framework
7.6.6.4. Target Disease Prevalence
7.6.6.5. Kuwait Viral vector market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 8. Competitive Landscape
8.1. Company Categorization
8.2. Strategy Mapping
8.3. Company Profiles/Listing
8.3.1. Oxford Biomedica
8.3.1.1. Overview
8.3.1.2. Financial Performance (Net Revenue/Sales/EBITDA/Gross Profit)
8.3.1.3. Product Benchmarking
8.3.1.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.3.2. Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
8.3.2.1. Overview
8.3.2.2. Financial Performance (Net Revenue/Sales/EBITDA/Gross Profit)
8.3.2.3. Product Benchmarking
8.3.2.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.3.3. Lonza.
8.3.3.1. Overview
8.3.3.2. Financial Performance (Net Revenue/Sales/EBITDA/Gross Profit)
8.3.3.3. Product Benchmarking
8.3.3.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.3.4. Batavia Biosciences B.V.
8.3.4.1. Overview
8.3.4.2. Financial Performance (Net Revenue/Sales/EBITDA/Gross Profit)
8.3.4.3. Product Benchmarking
8.3.4.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.3.5. Biogen
8.3.5.1. Overview
8.3.5.2. Financial Performance (Net Revenue/Sales/EBITDA/Gross Profit)
8.3.5.3. Product Benchmarking
8.3.5.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.3.6. Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio)
8.3.6.1. Overview
8.3.6.2. Financial Performance (Net Revenue/Sales/EBITDA/Gross Profit)
8.3.6.3. Product Benchmarking
8.3.6.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.3.7. Sanofi
8.3.7.1. Overview
8.3.7.2. Financial Performance (Net Revenue/Sales/EBITDA/Gross Profit)
8.3.7.3. Product Benchmarking
8.3.7.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.3.8. Spark Therapeutics, Inc.
8.3.8.1. Overview
8.3.8.2. Financial Performance (Net Revenue/Sales/EBITDA/Gross Profit)
8.3.8.3. Product Benchmarking
8.3.8.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.3.9. Regenxbio Inc.
8.3.9.1. Overview
8.3.9.2. Financial Performance (Net Revenue/Sales/EBITDA/Gross Profit)
8.3.9.3. Product Benchmarking
8.3.9.4. Strategic Initiatives
8.3.10. uniQURE N.V.
8.3.10.1. Overview
8.3.10.2. Financial Performance (Net Revenue/Sales/EBITDA/Gross Profit)
8.3.10.3. Product Benchmarking
8.3.10.4. Strategic Initiatives
List of Tables
Table 1 List of Abbreviations
Table 2 Global viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 3 Global viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 4 Global viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 5 Global viral vector market, by region, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 6 North America viral vector market, by country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 7 North America viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 8 North America viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 9 North America viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 10 U.S. viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 11 U.S. viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 12 U.S. viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 13 Canada viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 14 Canada viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 15 Canada viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 16 Europe viral vector market, by country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 17 Europe viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 18 Europe viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 19 Europe viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 20 Germany viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 21 Germany viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 22 Germany viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 23 UK viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 24 UK viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 25 UK viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 26 France viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 27 France viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 28 France viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 29 Italy viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 30 Italy viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 31 Italy viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 32 Spain viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 33 Spain viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 34 Spain viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 35 Denmark viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 36 Denmark viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 37 Denmark viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 38 Sweden viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 39 Sweden viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 40 Sweden viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 41 Norway viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 42 Norway viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 43 Norway viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 44 Asia Pacific viral vector market, by country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 45 Asia Pacific viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 46 Asia Pacific viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 47 Asia Pacific viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 48 China viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 49 China viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 50 China viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 51 Japan viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 52 Japan viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 53 Japan viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 54 India viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 55 India viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 56 India viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 57 South Korea viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 58 South Korea viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 59 South Korea viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 60 Australia viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 61 Australia viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 62 Australia viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 63 Thailand viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 64 Thailand viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 65 Thailand viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 66 Latin America viral vector market, by country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 67 Latin America viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 68 Latin America viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 69 Latin America viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 70 Brazil viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 71 Brazil viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 72 Brazil viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 73 Mexico viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 74 Mexico viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 75 Mexico viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 76 Argentina viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 77 Argentina viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 78 Argentina viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 79 Middle East & Africa viral vector market, by country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 80 Middle East & Africa viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 81 Middle East & Africa viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 82 Middle East & Africa viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 83 South Africa viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 84 South Africa viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 85 South Africa viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 86 Saudi Arabia viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 87 Saudi Arabia viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 88 Saudi Arabia viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 89 UAE viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 90 UAE viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 91 UAE viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 92 Kuwait viral vector market, by vector type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 93 Kuwait viral vector market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 94 Kuwait viral vector market, by end-user, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
List of Figures
Fig. 1 Market research process
Fig. 2 Information procurement
Fig. 3 Primary research pattern
Fig. 4 Market research approaches
Fig. 5 Value chain-based sizing & forecasting
Fig. 6 Market formulation & validation
Fig. 7 Vector viral market segmentation
Fig. 8 Market snapshot, 2022
Fig. 9 Market trends & outlook
Fig. 10 Market driver relevance analysis (current & future impact)
Fig. 11 Market restraint relevance analysis (current & future impact)
Fig. 12 Swot analysis, by factor (political & legal, economic and technological)
Fig. 13 Porter’s five forces analysis
Fig. 14 Global vector viral market: vector type movement analysis
Fig. 15 Global vector viral market, for adeno-associated virus (AAV), 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 16 Global vector viral market, for adenovirus, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 17 Global vector viral market, for lentivirus, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 18 Global vector viral market, for retrovirus, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 19 Global vector viral market, for others, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 20 Global vector viral market: application movement analysis
Fig. 21 Global vector viral market, for cell & gene therapy, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 22 Global vector viral market, for vaccine, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 23 Global vector viral market, for biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical discovery, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 24 Global vector viral market: end-user movement analysis
Fig. 25 Global vector viral market, for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 26 Global vector viral market, for academic and research institutes, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 27 Global vector viral market, for CROs and CMOs, 2018-030, (USD Million)
Fig. 28 Regional marketplace: key takeaways
Fig. 29 Regional outlook, 2022 & 2030
Fig. 30 Global vector viral market: region movement analysis
Fig. 31 North America vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 32 U.S. Vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 33 Canada vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 34 Europe vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 35 Germany vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 36 UK vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 37 France vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 38 Italy vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 39 Spain vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 40 Denmark vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 41 Sweden vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 42 Norway vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 43 Asia pacific vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 44 Japan vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 45 China vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 46 India vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 47 Australia vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 48 South Korea vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 49 Thailand vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 50 Latin America vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 51 Brazil vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 52 Mexico vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 53 Argentina vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 54 Middle East and Africa vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 55 South Africa vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 56 Saudi Arabia vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 57 UAE vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million
Fig. 58 Kuwait vector viral market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)