世界の血管アクセスデバイスの市場規模は、2024年に86億4000万ドルと評価され、2025年から2030年までの予測期間中に4.7%のCAGRで成長すると予想されます。患者の人口統計が、予測期間中の市場の成長に大きな影響を与えると予想されます。世界中で高齢者人口が増加し、がんやその他の慢性疾患、心血管、呼吸器、代謝障害の有病率が上昇しているため、治療中にバスキュラーアクセスデバイスを必要とする患者の数が増加すると予想されます。その結果、市場は患者層の拡大と並行して緩やかな成長が見込まれます。
目次
Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Methodology And Scope
1.1 Market Segmentation
1.1.1 Segment Definitions
1.1.1.1 Product Type
1.1.1.2 End-Use
1.2 Regional Scope
1.3 Estimates And Forecast Timeline
1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 Objective 1: Understand Market Dynamics
1.4.2 Objective 2: Understand Market Estimates & Forecasts
1.4.3 Objective 3: Understand Attributes Such As Strategy Framework & Competitive Landscape
1.5 Research Methodology
1.6 Information Procurement
1.6.1 Purchased Database
1.7 Information Or Data Analysis
1.7.1 Data Analysis Models
1.8 Market Formulation & Validation
1.9 Model Details
1.9.1 Commodity Flow Analysis
1.9.2 Market Estimation Methodology
1.9.3 Country Based Segment Share Calculation
1.9.4 Vascular Access Devices Market: Cagr Calculation
1.9.5 Estimated Global Market Share - Research Methodology
1.10 List Of Secondary Sources
1.11 List Of Primary Sources
1.12 List Of Abbreviations
Chapter 02 Executive Summary
2.1 Market Snapshot
2.2 Segment Snapshot-I
2.3 Segment Snapshot-Ii
2.4 Competitive Landscape
Chapter 03 Vascular Access Devices Market Variables And Trends
3.1 Vascular Access Devices Market Lineage Outlook
3.1.1 Ancillary Market Outlook
3.2 Market Dynamics
3.2.1 Market Driver Analysis
3.2.1.1 Growing Prevalence Of Cardiovascular Diseases
3.2.1.2 Increasing Need For Vascular Access Devices In Oncology
3.2.1.3 Technological Advancements In Vascular Access Devices
3.2.1.4 Rising Use Of Vascular Access Devices Among Pediatric Patients
3.2.2 Market Restraint Analysis
3.2.2.1 Stringent Regulations And Product Recalls
3.2.2.2 Risks Associated With Catheter Usage
3.3 Industry Analysis Tools
3.3.1 Porter’s Analysis
3.3.2 Macroeconomic Analysis
Chapter 04 Vascular Access Devices Market: Product Estimates & Trend Analysis
4.1 Product Market Share Analysis, 2024 & 2030
4.2 Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates & Forecast, By Product (USD Million)
4.3 Short Peripheral Intravenous Catheters (Pvc)
4.3.1 Short Peripheral Intravenous Catheters (Short Pivcs) Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
4.4 Huber Needles
4.4.1 Huber Needles Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
4.5 Midline Catheters
4.5.1 Midline Catheters Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
4.6 Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (Piccs)
4.6.1 Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (Piccs) Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
4.7 Central Venous Catheters (Cvcs)
4.7.1 Central Venous Catheters (Cvcs) Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
4.8 Dialysis Catheters
4.8.1 Dialysis Catheters Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
4.9 Implantable Ports
4.9.1 Implantable Ports Market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 05 Vascular Access Devices Market: End-Use Estimates & Trend Analysis
5.1 End-Use Market Share Analysis, 2024 & 2030
5.2 Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates & Forecast, By End Use (USD Million)
5.3 Hospitals
5.3.1 Hospitals Market Estimates And Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
5.4 Ambulatory Care Centers
5.4.1 Ambulatory Care Centers Market Estimates And Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
5.5 Others
5.5.1 Others Market Estimates And Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 06 Vascular Access Devices Market: Regional Estimates & Trend Analysis
6.1 Vascular Access Devices Market: Regional Outlook
6.2 North America
6.2.1 North America Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.2.2 U.S.
6.2.2.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.2.2.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.2.2.3 U.S. Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.2.3 Canada
6.2.3.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.2.3.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.2.3.3 Canada Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.2.4mexico
6.2.4.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.2.4.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.2.4.3 Canada Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.3 Europe
6.3.1 Europe Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.3.2 Uk
6.3.2.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.3.2.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.3.2.3 Uk Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.3.3 Germany
6.3.3.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.3.3.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.3.3.3 Germany Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.3.4 France
6.3.4.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.3.4.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.3.4.3 France Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.3.5 Italy
6.3.5.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.3.5.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.3.5.3 Italy Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.3.6 Spain
6.3.6.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.3.6.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.3.6.3 Spain Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.3.7 Sweden
6.3.7.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.3.7.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.3.7.3 Sweden Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.3.8 Denmark
6.3.8.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.3.8.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.3.8.3 Denmark Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.3.9 Norway
6.3.9.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.3.9.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.3.9.3 Norway Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.4 Asia Pacific
6.4.1 Asia Pacific Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.4.2 China
6.4.2.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.4.2.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.4.2.3 China Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.4.3 Japan
6.4.3.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.4.3.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.4.3.3 Japan Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.4.4 India
6.4.4.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.4.4.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.4.4.3 India Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.4.5 Australia
6.4.5.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.4.5.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.4.5.3 Australia Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.4.6 South Korea
6.4.6.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.4.6.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.4.6.3 South Korea Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.4.7 Thailand
6.4.7.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.4.7.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.4.7.3 Thailand Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.5 Latin America
6.5.1 Latin America Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.5.2 Brazil
6.5.2.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.5.2.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.5.2.3 Brazil Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.5.3 Argentina
6.5.3.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.5.3.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.5.3.3 Argentina Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.6 Middle East & Africa (MEA)
6.6.1 Mea Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.6.2 South Africa
6.6.2.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.6.2.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.6.2.3 South Africa Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.6.3 Saudi Arabia
6.6.3.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.6.3.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.6.3.3 Saudi Arabia Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.6.4 UAE
6.6.4.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.6.4.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.6.4.3 Uae Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.6.5 Kuwait
6.6.5.1 Key Country Dynamics
6.6.5.2 Regulatory Framework & Reimbursement Scenario
6.6.5.3 Kuwait Vascular Access Devices Market Estimates And Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 07 Competitive Analysis
7.1 Company Categorization
7.2 Participants’ Overview
7.3 Financial Performance
7.4 Product Benchmarking
7.5 Company Market Position Analysis
7.5.1 Overall Market Share Analysis
7.5.2 Market Share Analysis By Short Peripheral Intravenous Catheter (Short Pivcs)
7.5.3 Market Share Analysis By Huber Needles
7.5.4 Market Share Analysis By Midline Catheters
7.5.5 Market Share Analysis By Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (Piccs)
7.5.6 Market Share Analysis By Central Venous Catheter (Cvcs)
7.5.7 Market Share Analysis By Dialysis Catheter
7.5.8 Market Share Analysis By Implantable Ports
7.6 Strategy Mapping
7.6.1 Mergers & Acquisition
7.6.2 Product Launch
7.6.3 Expansions
7.6.5 Others
Chapter 08 Vascular Access Devices Market - Competitive Landscape
8.1 Participant’s Overview
8.1.1 Bd
8.1.2 Teleflex Medical
8.1.3 B. Braun
8.1.4 Angiodynamics
8.1.5 Smith’s Medical (Icu Medical, Inc)
8.1.6 Medtronic
8.1.7 Medical Components, Inc.
8.1.8 Cook Medical
8.1.9 Terumo Medical Corporation
8.1.10 Access Vascular, Inc.
List of Tables
Table 1 List of Secondary Sources
Table 2 List of Abbreviations
Table 3 Global Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 4 Global Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 5 Global Vascular Access Devices Market, by Region, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 6 North America Vascular Access Devices Market, by Country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 7 North America Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 8 North America Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 9 U.S. Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 10 U.S. Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 11 Canada Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 12 Canada Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 13 Mexico Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 14 Mexico Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 15 Europe Vascular Access Devices Market, by Country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 16 Europe Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 17 Europe Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 18 Germany Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 19 Germany Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 20 UK Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 21 UK Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 22 France Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 23 France Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 24 Italy Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 25 Italy Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 26 Spain Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 27 Spain Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 28 Sweden Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 29 Sweden Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 30 Denmark Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 31 Denmark Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 32 Norway Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 33 Norway Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 34 Asia Pacific Vascular Access Devices Market, by Country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 35 Asia Pacific Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 36 Asia Pacific Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 37 China Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 38 China Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 39 Japan Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 40 Japan Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 41 India Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 42 India Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 43 Australia Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 44 Australia Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 45 South Korea Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 46 South Korea Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 47 Thailand Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 48 Thailand Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 49 Latin America Vascular Access Devices Market, by Country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 50 Latin America Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 51 Latin America Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 52 Brazil Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 53 Brazil Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 54 Argentina Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 55 Argentina Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 56 Middle East & Africa Vascular Access Devices Market, by Country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 57 Middle East & Africa Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 58 Middle East & Africa Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 59 South Africa Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 60 South Africa Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 61 Saudi Arabia Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 62 Saudi Arabia Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 63 UAE Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 64 UAE Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 65 Kuwait Vascular Access Devices Market, by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 66 Kuwait Vascular Access Devices Market, by end-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
List of Figures
Fig. 1 Vascular access devices market segmentation
Fig. 2 Market research process
Fig. 3 Information procurement
Fig. 4 Primary research pattern
Fig. 5 Market research approaches
Fig. 6 Market formulation & validation
Fig. 7 Commodity flow analysis
Fig. 8 Market snapshot
Fig. 9 Segment snapshot-I
Fig. 10 Segment snapshot-II
Fig. 11 Competitive landscape
Fig. 12 Vascular access devices market dynamics
Fig. 13 Vascular access devices market: PORTER’s analysis
Fig. 14 Vascular access devices market: PESTEL analysis
Fig. 15 Vascular access devices market: Product dashboard
Fig. 16 Vascular access devices market Product movement analysis
Fig. 17 Short peripheral intravenous catheters (Short PIVCs) market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 18 Huber needles market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 19 Midline catheters market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 20 Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 21 Central venous catheters (CVCs) market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 22 Dialysis catheters market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 23 Implantable ports market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 24 Vascular access devices market: End use dashboard
Fig. 25 Vascular access devices market End use movement analysis
Fig. 26 Hospitals market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 27 Ambulatory care centers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 28 Others market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 29 Vascular access devices market revenue, by region, 2024 & 2030, (USD Million)
Fig. 30 Regional marketplace: Key takeaways
Fig. 31 Regional marketplace: Key takeaways
Fig. 32 North America vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 33 Key country dynamics
Fig. 34 U.S. vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 35 Key country dynamics
Fig. 36 Technology used by vendors for patient monitoring in Canada
Fig. 37 Canada vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 38 Fig Europe vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 39 Key country dynamics
Fig. 40 UK vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 41 Key country dynamics
Fig. 42 Germany vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 43 Key country dynamics
Fig. 44 France vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 45 Key country dynamics
Fig. 46 Italy vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 47 Key country dynamics
Fig. 48 Spain vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 49 Key country dynamics
Fig. 50 Sweden vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 51 Key country dynamics
Fig. 52 Denmark vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 53 Key country dynamics
Fig. 54 Norway vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 55 Asia Pacific vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 56 Key country dynamics
Fig. 57 China vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 58 Key country dynamics
Fig. 59 Japan vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 60 Key country dynamics
Fig. 61 India vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 62 Key country dynamics
Fig. 63 Australia vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 64 Key country dynamics
Fig. 65 South Korea vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) 116
Fig. 66 Key country dynamics
Fig. 67 Thailand vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 68 Latin America vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 69 Key country dynamics
Fig. 70 Brazil vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 71 Key country dynamics
Fig. 72 Mexico vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 73 Key country dynamics
Fig. 74 Argentina vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 75 MEA vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 76 Key country dynamics
Fig. 77 South Africa vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 78 Key country dynamics
Fig. 79 Saudi Arabia vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 80 Key country dynamics
Fig. 81 UAE vascular access devices market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 82 Key country dynamics
Fig. 83 Kuwait vascular access devices market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 84 Key company categorization
Fig. 85 Overall market share analysis
Fig. 86 Market share analysis by PIVCs
Fig. 87 Market share analysis by Huber needles
Fig. 88 Market share analysis by midline catheters
Fig. 89 Market share analysis by PICCs
Fig. 90 Market share analysis by CVCs
Fig. 91 Market share analysis by dialysis catheters
Fig. 92 Market share analysis by implantable ports
Fig. 93 Strategy mapping